天美影视传媒

PSYCH 101 Introduction to Psychology (5) SSc
Surveys major areas of psychological science. Core topics include human social behavior, personality, psychological disorders and treatment, learning, memory, human development, biological influences, and research methods. Related topics may include sensation, perception, states of consciousness, thinking, intelligence, language, motivation, emotion, stress and health, cross-cultural psychology, and applied psychology. Prerequisite: null Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 200 Comparative Animal Behavior (3-5) NSc
Research methods and findings of comparative animal behavior, their importance to an understanding of human behavior; rationale for study of behavioral differences/similarities between animal species, behavior viewed as part of adaptation of each species to its natural habitat. Cannot be taken if credit received for PSYCH 300.

PSYCH 201 Psychology of Performance Enhancement (4) SSc
Applications of psychological theories, research, and intervention strategies to performance enhancement in variety of life settings. Self-regulation models and techniques; stress and emotional control; attention control and concentration; mental rehearsal; time management; goal-setting; memory enhancement; communication and interpersonal conflict resolution. Participation in various psychological training procedures. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101.

PSYCH 202 Biopsychology (5) NSc
Examines the biological basis of behavior, the nervous system, how it works to control behavior and sense the world, and what happens when it malfunctions. Topics include learning and memory, development, sex, drugs, sleep, the senses, emotions, and mental disorders. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 203 Introduction to Personality and Individual Differences (4) SSc
Overview of the major theories, research findings, and applications in the scientific study of personality. Covers research methods and approaches to measuring personality variables. Cannot be taken if credit received for PSYCH 303. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101.

PSYCH 205 Behavior Disorders (5) SSc
Examines the bio-psycho-social origins of behavioral disorders. Topics include theories of etiology, developmental perspectives of behavior disorders, and assessment and diagnosis of the most common behavioral disorders. Cannot be taken if credit received for PSYCH 305. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 101.

PSYCH 206 Human Development (5) SSc
Theoretical perspectives and research methods in child development with an overview of historical and current works. Includes prenatal and biological development, the development of cognitive, linguistic, and social and emotional abilities. Cannot be taken if credit received for PSYCH 306. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101.

PSYCH 208 Happiness (5) SSc
How can lives be fulfilling, joyful, and meaningful? Through reading, discussion, and hands-on activities, explores the theme that happiness stems from social connections and contribution to something larger than oneself. Also explores practical strategies for nurturing personal happiness by improving social and emotional health. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101; recommended: PSYCH 209 Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 209 Fundamentals of Psychological Research (5)
Psychological research methodology and techniques. Topics include the logic of hypothesis testing, experimental design, research strategies and techniques, fundamentals of scientific writing, search and evaluation of research literature in psychology, and ethical issues in psychological research. Required for all psychology majors. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 101. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 210 The Diversity of Human Sexuality (5) SSc, DIV
Considers biological, psychological, and socio-cultural determinants of human sexuality and sexual behavior, and how their interaction leads to diverse expressions of sexuality, sexual bonding, gender orientation, reproductive strategies, and physical and psychological sexual development. Topics include cultural appraisal of sexuality, sexual health and reproduction (pregnancy, contraception, abortion), and sexual abuse and assault. Course equivalent to: BIS 222. Course overlaps with: TPSYCH 202. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 222 Current Topics in Psychology (3-5, max. 10) SSc
Topics of current interest, such as the psychology of happiness, psychology of friendship, technology and relationships, and developments in brain and behavior science. Choice of topics depends on instructor and class interest. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101 Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 245 Introduction to Social Psychology (5) SSc
Overview of major findings of social psychology, emphasizing the relevance for understanding the social behaviors of individuals and groups of individuals and their relationship to social context. Course overlaps with: PSYCH 345 and BIS 225. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101.

PSYCH 250 Racism: Causes and Consequences (5) SSc, DIV
Explores racial prejudice from a psychological perspective. Focuses on critical examination of the influence of identity on people's lived experience; psychological theory and research on what processes may underlie and motivate racial prejudice; how racial prejudice is experienced by its targets; and how racial prejudice is learned, maintained, and ultimately changed.

PSYCH 257 Psychology of Gender (5) SSc, DIV
Major psychological theories of gender-role development; biological and environmental influences that determine and maintain gender differences in behavior; roles in children and adults; topics include aggression, cognitive abilities, achievement motivation, affiliation. Course overlaps with: TPSYCH 400. Offered: jointly with GWSS 257.

PSYCH 291 Principles of Applied Animal Behavior (3-5) NSc
Further explores the basic principles of animal behavior, and related disciplines, with particular emphasis on application to human-animal interaction and issues. Introduces the primary literature in applied animal behavior.

PSYCH 292 Applied Animal Behavior in Practice (3-5) NSc
Integrates animal behavior theory with real-world practice to resolve practical problem in human-animal interactions, including companion animals, captive animals, and livestock. Introduces the primary clinical literature in applied animal behavior.

PSYCH 296 Psychology Mentoring Program (1, max. 12)
Provides individualized support and community for current and prospective psychology majors from underrepresented minority (URM) groups. Matches URM students with mentors for a yearlong mentoring relationship. In addition to their primary mentoring relationship, this program provides regular opportunities for learning and career development in psychology. Recommended: PSYCH 101. Credit/no-credit only. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 298 Graduate School Exploration for Psychology Majors (2)
Provides an overview of graduate school options available in psychology, counseling, and research. Topics include researching programs, writing statements of purpose and resumes, standardized testing, letters of recommendation, and interviewing techniques. Course overlaps with: GRDSCH 200. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 299 Psychology Transfer Academic Community (2)
Provides opportunity for transfer students new to or contemplating the psychology major to experience an in- depth orientation to the department, curriculum, and resources available to undergraduates. Students meet weekly to explore ways to effectively engage in the major and expand their understanding of the academic discipline. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 300 Animal Behavior (5) NSc
Introduces important concepts and empirical findings in animal behavior. Emphasizes evolutionary and mechanistic approaches to understanding diversity and complexity of behavior. Topics include communication, mating, migration, and sociality. Prerequisite: either BIOL 118, BIOL 161, or BIOL 180.

PSYCH 302 Neuroscience of the Mind (5) NSc
Capacity for flexible neural processing changes across the lifespan, and may go awry in disorders of mental health and behavioral control. Provides a fundamental understanding of the dynamic, often reciprocal, relationship between brain neuroplasticity and a variety of complex behaviors (e.g. learning, memory, decision, language), including their modulation by social factors, development, aging, disease, and brain injury. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101; PSYCH 202; PSYCH 209 Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 303 Personality (5) SSc
Overview of major perspectives, scientific issues, applications, and research findings in the area of personality. Direct exposure to scientific literature, writing assignments, and research-based class experiences prepare students for advanced work in personality, social, abnormal, and developmental psychology. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 101; a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 202; and a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 305 Psychological and Behavior Disorders (5) SSc
An overview of major categories of psychopathology, including description and classification, theoretical models, and recent research on etiology and treatment. Prerequisite: a minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; and a minimum 2.0 grade in 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 306 Developmental Psychology (5) SSc
Overview of past and present theoretical and research-based approaches to biological, cognitive, and social development from the prenatal period to early adolescence. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 315 Understanding Statistics in Psychology (5) RSN
Statistics for psychological research. Elementary probability theory, hypothesis testing, and estimation. Satisfies the statistics requirement for majors registered in the psychology Bachelor of Arts degree program. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209; 2.0 in either MATH 111, MATH 112, MATH 120, MATH 124, or MATH 144. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 317 Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Psychology (5) RSN
Probability theory as a model for scientific inference. Probabilistic variables and experimental outcomes, conditional probability, binomial and related distributions, experiments as samples, statistics and sampling distributions, the normal distribution, confidence intervals, problems of estimation from experiments. Prerequisite: minimum 2.5 grade in PSYCH 209; 2.0 in either MATH 124, MATH 134, or MATH 144. Offered: AW.

PSYCH 318 Statistical Inference in Psychological Research (5) RSN
Hypothesis testing: probabilistic and statistical basis. Development and application of statistical inference techniques employed in psychological research: confidence intervals, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation and regression. Nature and control of experimental and inferential error in research. Required for majors for psychology BS degree. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 317. Offered: WSp.

PSYCH 322 Introduction to Drugs and Behavior (3) NSc
Basic concepts of drug action emphasizing the behavioral consequences of the intake of a variety of drugs. Prerequisite: PSYCH 202.

PSYCH 330 Laboratory in Animal Behavior (5) NSc
Experience with a variety of animal species and experimental procedures and instrumentation. Prerequisite: either minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 315, or 2.0 in PSYCH 317; 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 331 Laboratory in Human Cognition (5) SSc
Selected aspects of human cognition, perception, and performance. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209; either 2.0 in PSYCH 315, or 2.0 in PSYCH 317.

PSYCH 332 Neurobehavioral Lab (5) NSc
Explores the neural mechanisms of behavior via neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical approaches. Includes the ethics and regulation of animal experimentation. Prerequisite: either minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 315, or 2.0 in PSYCH 317.

PSYCH 333 Sensory and Perceptual Processes (5) NSc
An overview of each of the major senses with emphasis on the structure and function of sensory systems and the relation of the underlying biology to perceptual processes and behavior. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 202; and a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 334 Laboratory in Social Psychology (5) SSc
Methodology of laboratory and field research on social behavior; data analysis and report writing; research projects. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209; minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 315 or PSYCH 317; minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 245 or PSYCH 345.

PSYCH 335 Laboratory in Personalized Behavioral Science (5) SSc
Explores scientific research processes, from idea generation to written reports of findings, to discover predictable patterns in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Involves data collection and analysis of personal experiences and behavior. Culminates in a report of the student's own behavior, using an adapted version of the standard format used for empirical papers published in scientific journals. Prerequisite: a minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209; and a minimum grade of 2.0 in either PSYCH 315 or PSYCH 317. Offered: AWSp.

PSYCH 345 Social Psychology (5) SSc
The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions influence, and are influenced by, other people. Course overlaps with: PSYCH 245. Prerequisite: a minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; and a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 209. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 350 Honors Research Seminar in Psychology (2-, max. 4)
Presentations by professors and advanced students concerning the rationale, methodology, and progress of their research projects; assistance with research projects; preparation of junior paper. Four credits of PSYCH 350 required for all junior Honors candidates in conjunction with PSYCH 498 and PSYCH 499. Offered: AWSp.

PSYCH 355 Cognitive Psychology (5) SSc
Current theory and research in perception, attention, memory and learning, attitudes, thinking and decision making, and language. For the student who wishes a survey or who intends additional work in any of the above content areas. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 202; and a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 209. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 357 Psychobiology of Women (5) NSc, DIV
Physiological and psychological aspects of women's lives; determinants of biological sex; physiological and psychological events of puberty; menopause; sexuality; contraception, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation; role of culture in determining psychological response to physiological events. Offered: jointly with GWSS 357.

PSYCH 399 Foreign Study (3-5, max. 10)
Upper division psychology courses for which there are no direct 天美影视传媒 equivalents taken through the UW Study Abroad program.

PSYCH 400 Learning (5) SSc/NSc
Experimental research and basic theories primarily in animal learning. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202.

PSYCH 402 Infant Behavior and Development (3/5) SSc
Psychological development in the first two years of life. Basic and advanced techniques for assessing psychological development in infancy. Classic theories of human infancy and examination of a wide range of new experiments about infant behavior and development. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 206, PSYCH 306 or PSYCH 414.

PSYCH 403 Motivation (5) SSc/NSc
Theory and research on reinforcement, punishment, frustration, preference, instinctual mechanisms, and other factors controlling animal behavior. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202.

PSYCH 407 History of Psychology (5) SSc
Historical and theoretical background of the basic assumptions and research methodologies of modern psychology and the scientists who developed them. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 408 Neuroethology (4) NSc
Comparative exploration of the neural, hormonal, and genetic mechanisms that control behaviors necessary for survival and reproduction in animals. Model systems discussed include animal communication, mate choice, escape behavior, spatial orientation, homing and migration, and biological rhythms. Students are expected to understand fundamental concepts of neuroscience from any of the following prerequisite courses. Course overlaps with: B BIO 385. Prerequisite: either PSYCH 333 OR BIOL 220. Offered: jointly with BIOL 408.

PSYCH 410 Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders (5) SSc
Introduction to psychopathology in children and adolescents, and an overview of principal modes of intervention. Particularly for students interested in advanced work in clinical psychology, social work, or special education. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 305; either 2.0 in PSYCH 306 or 2.0 in PSYCH 202, 2.0 in PSYCH 206, and 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 413 Adolescent Development (5) SSc
Provides an overview of physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional development of adolescents with an emphasis on understanding the context in which young people grow up. Explores cultural, environmental, and social influences on development. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209; 2.0 in either PSYCH 206 or PSYCH 306.

PSYCH 414 Cognitive Development (4) SSc
Covers key theoretical and research approaches to cognitive development from infancy through adolescence, including sensorimotor development, language development, imitation, number concepts, logical reasoning, memory, cognition in adolescents, intelligence, and the role of biology, environment, and experience. Prerequisite: either a minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 306, or a minimum grade of 2.0 in both PSYCH 206 and PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 415 Personality Development of the Child (5) SSc
Socialization theory and research, infant attachment and social relationships, development of aggressive and altruistic behaviors, sex-role development, moral development, parent and adult influences. Applied issues in social development and policy. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 206 or PSYCH 306.

PSYCH 416 Animal Communication (4) NSc
Evolution and mechanisms of animal communication and related processes of perception, thinking, and social behavior. Prerequisite: either minimum 2.0 grade in BIOL 180, 3.5 in PSYCH 200, or 2.0 in PSYCH 300.

PSYCH 417 Stress, Aging, and the Brain (4)
How the brain and, consequently, behavior change in response to stress and with aging. Primary focus on animal models of stress and age-related phenomena, but humans also an integral part of discussions. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101; PSYCH 202; and PSYCH 209. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 418 Primate Social Behavior (5) NSc
Social behavior, ecology, and group structure of monkeys and apes from an evolutionary, sociobiological, and anthropological perspective. Prerequisite: either minimum 3.5 grade in PSYCH 200, 2.0 in PSYCH 300, 2.0 in BIO A 201, or 2.0 in BIOL 180.

PSYCH 419 Behavioral Studies of Zoo Animals (5) NSc
Observational studies of behavior of zoo animals to expand basic knowledge of animal behavior, conservation of endangered species, and research methodology with discussions and tours focusing on zoo philosophy and operations. Offered in cooperation with Woodland Park Zoo. Prerequisite: either minimum 2.0 grade in BIOL 180, 3.5 in PSYCH 200, or 2.0 in PSYCH 300.

PSYCH 420 Drugs and Behavior (3) NSc
Animal and clinical research on the behavioral consequences of drug intake. Prerequisite: PSYCH 322.

PSYCH 421 Neural Basis of Behavior (5) NSc
Anatomical and physiological principles and resultant behavior involved in the integrative action of the nervous system. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202.

PSYCH 423 Programming For Psychology and Neuroscience (4) NSc
Programming techniques relevant to researchers in behavioral sciences. Gives researchers with no or little experience in programming the tools needed to design and program their own experiment, do basic analyses, and plot results. Addresses experimental design, stimulus presentation, curve fitting, randomization techniques, basic statistics, data plotting, debugging, and code optimization. Offered: AWSpS, even years.

PSYCH 426 Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (4) NSc
Theory and research on how animals learn and remember, including basic concepts of brain plasticity, how brain areas and neurons adapt to changes in experiences throughout the lifespan, and cellular and structural substrates of a "memory." Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in either PSYCH 302, PSYCH 322, PSYCH 333, or PSYCH 421.

PSYCH 430 Development of Brain Connections (4) NSc
Analysis of innate and environmental factors that play a role in the development of brain connections. Critical review of current literature on the various strategies used by neurons to find their appropriate targets. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 202, PSYCH 333, PSYCH 421, PSYCH 422, or PSYCH 423.

PSYCH 431 Ecopsychology (5) SSc
Explores psychology of the human relationship with nature. Critically examines how ecopsychology can impact urban sustainability, human health, environmental education, and the design of new technologies. Specific topics include evolutionary psychology; human-animal interaction; biophillia; children and nature; indigenous cultures; and ecotherapy. Offered: jointly with ENVIR 431/ESRM 431; W.

PSYCH 432 Visual Neuroscience (4) SSc/NSc
Surveys current facts/theories about how our brains interpret the images formed by our eyes to create a presentation of the visual environment. Topics include retinal processing, 3-D vision; color, form, motion, and object perception; and visual illusions. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 333 or PSYCH 355.

PSYCH 435 Human Color Vision (5) NSc/SSc
Discusses how color does not exist in the physical environment but is instead a creation of our brains. Explores perceptual, physiological, developmental, evolutionary, genetic, and cultural aspects of human color vision, including its role in language, culture, and art. Prerequisite: PSYCH 202; PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 436 Developmental Aspects of Sport Competition (4) SSc
Biophysical and psychosocial influences of sport participation on growth and development of children and youth. Competition readiness, injuries, stress, aggression, roles and responsibilities of parents and coaches. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 437 Motor Development (4) NSc
Analysis of motor development from prenatal origins through adolescence with emphasis on relations between biophysical and psychosocial development of children and youth. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 439 Psychology of Health Disparities (4) SSc, DIV
In the United States, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and other identities and experiences affect risk for a range of health outcomes. Reviews psychological research on the sources of these disparities and potential solutions to address them. Covers topics such as the role of discrimination, interactions with healthcare providers, and how to change the social context to improve health. Prerequisite: PSYCH 209. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 440 Psychology of Emotion (5) SSc
Overview of psychological research and theory on emotion, including biological, developmental, cognitive, social, and cultural perspectives. Topics include: why we have emotions; how emotions influence thoughts, actions, and interactions; facial expressions; controlling emotions; morality; gender differences; and the function of specific emotions such as joy, anger, and sadness. Prerequisite: PSYCH 209 Offered: A.

PSYCH 441 Perceptual Processes (5) SSc/NSc
Theory and findings in perception with a focus on visual perception in humans. Discrimination and constancy for simple judgments, segregation and identification of visual objects, and specific areas of investigation such as reading and computer vision. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 333.

PSYCH 442 Native American Psychology (5) SSc
Provides a historically and culturally contextualized understanding of Native American psychology. Discusses social, cultural, developmental, and clinical psychology. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 443 Motivational Theories in Social Psychology (5) SSc
Theories of motivation in social psychology. Emphasis on how motivation and cognition mutually influence each other to produce behavior. Explores such topics as persuasion, goal pursuit, self-regulation, achievement, and social comparison. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 345.

PSYCH 445 Theories of Social Psychology (5) SSc
Evaluation of the major theories of human social behavior supported by the empirical literature; theories of social cognition and thought; major theories of social interaction, group processes, and social learning. Prerequisite: PSYCH 345.

PSYCH 447 Psychology of Language (4) A&H/SSc
Introduction to the study of language, including language structure, speech perception, language acquisition, psychological processes underlying comprehension and production of language, the relation between brain and language, and the question of the species-specificity of human language. Prerequisite: either minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209, minimum 2.0 grade in LING 200, or LING 201.

PSYCH 448 Selected Topics in Psychological Science (1-15, max. 15)
Selected research topics of contemporary interest. Quarterly listings of specific offerings are available at departmental advising office.

PSYCH 449 Organizational and Industrial Psychology (5) SSc
Examines research on human behavior in industrial and organizational environments. Topics include research methods, job analysis, the prediction of workplace performance, personnel selection and training, performance appraisal, group influences, job satisfaction, job motivation, leadership, and human factors. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101; PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 450 Honors Research Seminar in Psychology (2-, max. 4)
Senior thesis research; preparation of senior thesis; oral presentation of research. Four credits of PSYCH 450 required for all senior Honors candidates in conjunction with PSYCH 498 and PSYCH 499. Offered: AWSp.

PSYCH 451 Health Psychology (5) NSc/SSc
Overview of the psychological and behavioral factors in health and disease. Includes research on both psychological causes and treatments. Topics include stress, risky behaviors, patient-provider interactions, pain, behavioral/medical treatments, and lifestyle interventions. Prerequisite: a minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; and a minimum grade of 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 452 Psychology of the Self-Concept (4) SSc
Examines psychological theory and research on the role of the self-concept in regulating behavior. Topics include the development of the self-concept; self-awareness; and self-esteem maintenance. Course overlaps with: TPSYCH 344. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 245 or PSYCH 345.

PSYCH 453 Psychology of Everyday Life (5) SSc
Social/personality psychology topics that connect to daily experiences (e.g., food, entertainment, boredom, nostalgia, pets). Helps students better understand the psychological processes involved in daily activities. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 456 Social and Moral Development (5) SSc
Theoretical approaches toward explaining children's social and moral development, including those that are nativistic, sociobiological, behavioristic, psychoanalytic, and constructivist. Use of theory to investigate applied problems related to parenting, education, peer relationships, authority, sexuality, culture, ecology, and technology. Prerequisite: either PSYCH 206 or PSYCH 306.

PSYCH 457 Language Development (5) A&H/SSc
First-language acquisition and use by children. Emphasis on theoretical issues and research techniques. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 206, PSYCH 306, LING 200, or LING 400.

PSYCH 458 Behavioral Genetics (4) NSc
Overview of the human genome and role of genetic and environmental influences on neurobehavioral traits and mental health outcomes. Covers techniques for quantifying genetic variation, behavior, and gene expression. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 3.0 in both PSYCH 202 and PSYCH 209, or a minimum grade of 2.0 in BIOL 180. Offered: jointly with BIOL 458.

PSYCH 459 Evolutionary Psychology (4) SSc/NSc
Explores human behavior from the perspective of biological evolution. Covers core issues such as cooperation, communication, aggression, mating, reproduction, and parental and family interactions, as well as specialized applications within psychology such as psychopathology. Encourages a critical, skeptical examination of this new field. Prerequisite: either minimum 3.5 grade in PSYCH 200 or minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 300.

PSYCH 460 Cognitive Neuroscience (4) NSc
Discussion of neural systems underlying cognitive behavior with particular focus on breakdown of cognition following brain damage. Topics include object and space perception, language, voluntary movement, attention, and memory. Examination of contributions from related areas of neuroimaging, visual perception, linguistics, physiology, and neuroscience. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 333, PSYCH 355, or PSYCH 421.

PSYCH 462 Human Memory (5) SSc
Research and theory in key areas of memory. Issues covered include information processing theory, the link between memory processes and their biological underpinnings, autobiographical memory, implicit memory, and the effect of emotion on memory. Course equivalent to: TPSYCH 350. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 463 Implicit and Unconscious Cognition (3) SSc/NSc
Overview of method, theory, and findings concerning cognitive processes operating outside attentional focus or without introspective awareness. Considers relevance to basic phenomena of social, cognitive, and clinical psychology. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 315 or PSYCH 317; minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 303, PSYCH 305, PSYCH 333, PSYCH 345, or PSYCH 355.

PSYCH 470 Psychology and Music (5) A&H/SSc
Introduction to the scientific study of musical behavior. An overview of current topics in the psychology of music from the areas of musical perception and cognition, musical development, music therapy, musical performance, and composition. Includes psychoacoustical and neuropsychological foundations, research methods, and some basic material in music theory. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in either PSYCH 202 or NEUSCI 302 .

PSYCH 471 Cognition In the Real World (4-5, max. 10) SSc
Examines cognitive issues in applied settings, such as the workplace and education. Topics include such issues as attention, expertise, problem solving, decision-making, human error, automation, navigation, and individual differences. Course equivalent to: TPSYCH 471. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 472 Augmented Humanity (5) SSc
Focuses on technologies designed to become an intrinsic part of the neural functioning of the brain, such as cochlear and visual electronic prostheses, brain-machine interfaces, and genetic engineering. Current and future augmented humanity technologies, using an integrated approach that combines engineering, neuroscience, psychology, and ethics. Recommended: coursework on neurons and the basic structure of the sensorimotor areas of the brain. Offered: Sp.

PSYCH 478 Cultural Psychology (4) SSc
Surveys cultural influences on cognitive, emotion, morality, self-concept, and mental health, from a multicultural perspective. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209. Offered: A.

PSYCH 479 Advanced Human Sexuality (5) SSc
Intensive reading on current issues relevant to the physiological, psychological, cultural aspects of human sexuality. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 210.

PSYCH 481 Seminar in Advanced Quantitative Methods (3)
Examines the role of statistical methods in psychological research. Issues and controversies surrounding null hypothesis significance testing. Review of selected alternative statistical methods in psychology. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 315 or PSYCH 318.

PSYCH 482 Advanced Research Methods for Behavioral Psychology (4) RSN
Develops skills of collecting and analyzing behavioral research data, communicating the results orally and in writing, and expressing perspectives on issues of scientific method and practice. Prerequisite: either PSYCH 315 or PSYCH 317; either PSYCH 330, PSYCH 331, PSYCH 332, or PSYCH 350. Offered: Sp.

PSYCH 483 Writing in Psychology (5)
Helps students refine scientific writing skills. Students practice conducting focused literature searches and writing literature reviews, preparing empirical data for presentations, organizing and writing research reports, and writing about psychology for a lay audience. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 209; minimum 2.0 grade in either PSYCH 300, PSYCH 303, PSYCH 305, PSYCH 306, PSYCH 333, PSYCH 345, or PSYCH 355.

PSYCH 485 Primate Conservation Biology and Behavior (5) NSc
Examines the principles and concepts of conservation biology as they apply to the nonhuman primates with special attention to theoretical advances, conservation strategies, and management practices central to primate conservation. Prerequisite: either minimum 3.5 grade in PSYCH 200 or 2.0 in PSYCH 300 or 2.0 in BIO A 201.

PSYCH 486 Animal Mind (4) NSc
Explores the cognitive capacities of animals. Focuses on the classical question, first clearly posed by Darwin, of how similar are the cognitive processes underlying behavior in humans and animals. Encourages a critical, skeptical examination of this new field. Prerequisite: minimum 3.5 grade in PSYCH 200 or 2.0 in PSYCH 300.

PSYCH 487 Advanced Psychobiology of Women (5) SSc/NSc
Intensive reading on current issues relevant to women's psychology and physiology. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 357/ GWSS 357. Offered: jointly with GWSS 487; W.

PSYCH 488 Stress and Coping (4) SSc/NSc
Reviews theories and research concerning stress and its roles in behavior, personality, development, health, and interpersonal relationships. Coping analyzed as a factor in the way people respond to stressful circumstances. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 202; 2.0 in PSYCH 209.

PSYCH 489 Clinical Psychology (3) SSc
Basic issues, methods, and research: professional issues, psychological assessment, and approaches to psychotherapy and behavioral change. Prerequisite: minimum 2.0 grade in PSYCH 305.

PSYCH 490 Stress Management (3) SSc/NSc
Nature of stress. Physiological responses to stress and relaxation. Techniques of stress management with training in relaxation, biofeedback, meditation, cognitive restructuring, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal communication skills, and time management. Prerequisite: PSYCH 101.

PSYCH 491 Special Topics in Child Development, Learning, and Mental Health (1-5, max. 30) SSc
Selected topics of contemporary interest in child development, learning, and mental health.

PSYCH 494 Field Study in Animal Behavior (2-3, max. 9)
Field experience in areas relating to animal behavior through participation in seminar discussion and field exercises and training at foreign and domestic field study sites.

PSYCH 496 Undergraduate Teaching Experience in Psychology (2-3, max. 6)
Students are trained as assistants in quiz sections or as supplemental tutors for undergraduate psychology courses. Designed especially for students planning graduate work or education certification. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 497 Undergraduate Fieldwork (1-5, max. 10)
Individual consultation with faculty member or supervised practicum experience in a broad range of community settings and agencies focused on treating or managing mental health concerns. Credit/no-credit only. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 498 Directed Reading in Psychology (1-3, max. 18)
Readings in special interest areas under supervision of departmental faculty. Discussion of reading in conference with the instructor.

PSYCH 499 Undergraduate Research (1-3, max. 18)
Design and completion of individual research projects.

PSYCH 500 Proseminar in Psychology (1, max. 10)
Presentations on professionally and practically useful topics by guest faculty presenters designed for first-year and second-year graduate students. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 502 Core Concepts in Animal Behavior (3)
Reading, reports, and discussion on animal behavior, with a focus on topics that lie at the interface of animal behavior, evolutionary science, neurobiology, and psychology. Includes social organization, mating systems, foraging, learning, communication, and agonistic behavior. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 503 Core Concepts in Neurobehavioral Genetics (4)
Surveys the human genome and role of genetic and environmental variation on complex neurobehavioral traits and psychiatric outcomes. Explores techniques for quantifying genetic variation, potential applications in clinical settings, and ethical issues. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 504 Core Concepts in Behavioral Neuroscience (3)
Historical and contemporary perspectives in behavioral neuroscience. Current methodologies and research strategies. May include sensory processing, genetics, behavioral neuroendocrinology, developmental neural plasticity, neurobiology of learning and memory, lifespan perspectives on behavioral neurobiology, and psychopharmacology. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 505 Core Concepts in Neuroethology (3)
Reviews the current topics and approaches to the study of the neurobiological basis of natural behaviors or "neurothology." Explores core concepts in the field of neuroethology and examines the role of the nervous system and the underlying neural circuits adapted for species-typical behaviors. Offered: AWSp.

PSYCH 506 Core Concepts in Cognitive Neuroscience (3)
Combines psychological models of information processing with research techniques in the biomedical sciences. Topics in vision, attention, memory, motor behavior, and language illustrate this integrative approach. Research methods include behavioral, single unit, lesion, and neuro-imaging techniques. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 507 Core Concepts in Cognitive Psychology (3)
Survey of the major topics in human cognition. Discussion of memory, concepts and categories, language, decision-making, and problem solving. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 508 Core Concepts in Perception (3)
Current topics in perception, psychophysics, sensory memory, pattern recognition, letter and word perception, and visual masking. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor. Offered: Sp.

PSYCH 509 Core Concepts in Computational Cognitive and Neural Modeling (5)
Introduction to the basics of computational modeling techniques for psychologists and neuroscientists. Covers two common modeling approaches (production system models and neural network models) and describes the principles of their application to semantic memory, working memory, perception, reinforcement learning, skill acquisition, and transfer.

PSYCH 510 Core Concepts in Social Psychology (4)
An overview of contemporary theories and research in social psychology, focusing on introducing graduate students to the field as practitioners of social psychological research. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 511 Core Concepts in Personality (3)
Review of personality research. Roles of cognitive, affective, motivational, and psychodynamic processes. Critical evaluation of current personality, its antecedents, and its influences over behavior. Attention to role of personality variables in social relationships. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 512 Development of Prejudice (3)
Explores now prejudice emerges and develops across the lifespan. Each week focuses a big question (e.g., "What are the earlies signs of prejudice? Can the disadvantaged be prejudiced?") with supporting readings from the developmental, social, cultural, and evolutionary psychology literatures.

PSYCH 513 Core Concepts in Biological Basis of Development (4)
Embryological, genetic, physiological, and evolutionary perspectives of human development; biological development in infancy; sensory development and its influence on the development of perception; primate models for human development. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 514 Core Concepts in Early Cognitive and Linguistic Development (4)
Origins and early development of thought and language. Piagetian theory and modern-day revisions. In-depth examination of historical and philosophical bases for current empirical research. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 515 Core Concepts in Personality and Social Development (4)
Theories and empirical literature in personality and social development throughout infancy, childhood. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 516 Core Concepts: Early Social Cognition in Typical Development and Autism (3)
Describes current theoretical and empirical approaches to understand social cognitive processes underlying infants' ability and motivation to attend to, interpret, and act on social information. Research findings from typical infants and those at elevated risk for autism identify the implications of divergent developmental trajectories.

PSYCH 517 Core Concepts in Social and Affective Development in Adolescence (5)
Provides an overview of adolescent development, from puberty to emerging adulthood. Explores physiological, affective, and social changes, and the context in which these changes take place (peers, family, school, work, and media). Covers both theory and how developmental research is done on these topics.

PSYCH 520 Core Concepts in Affective Science (3)
Provides an overview of the major theories, research findings, and applications in the scientific study of emotion. Topics include the function of emotion; physiological and behavioral expression of emotion; motion regulation; emotions and health; and how emotions influence intimate relationships.

PSYCH 521 Core Concepts in Decision Making (3)
Overview of theories and behavioral research on the cognitive processes involved in individual human decision-making including bounded rationality, prospect theory, dual systems, adaptive strategies and the nature of expertise. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 522 Laboratory in Statistical Computation I (2)
Techniques of computation using statistical software on personal computers. Organization of data files, transformations of variables, graphical representations of data, descriptive statistics, elementary inferential statistical analyses. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in PSYCH 524, or permission of instructor. Offered: A.

PSYCH 523 Laboratory in Statistical Computation II (2)
Techniques of statistical computation using statistical software on personal computers and mainframe computers. Multiple regression, analysis of variance and covariance. Planned and post hoc comparisons and confidence intervals. Data analytic diagnostics for violations of regression assumptions. Prerequisite: PSYCH 522 and PSYCH 524, concurrent enrollment in PSYCH 525, or permission of instructor. Offered: W.

PSYCH 524 Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis (4)
Basic concepts of statistical theory and methods of data analysis. Emphasis on the integration of statistical theory, statistical computation, and psychological research methods. Required of all first-year graduate students in psychology. Prerequisite: concurrent enrollment in PSYCH 522, or permission of instructor. Offered: A.

PSYCH 525 Linear Models and Data Analysis (4)
Analysis of data in the behavioral sciences. Required of all first-year graduate majors. Prerequisite: PSYCH 522, PSYCH 524; concurrent registration in PSYCH 523, or permission of instructor. Offered: W.

PSYCH 526 Multivariate Statistics (4)
An introduction to statistical modeling; interactive data analyses; use of regression, ANOVA, logistic regression, and log-linear models in explanatory studies. Prerequisite: PSYCH 525.

PSYCH 527 Core Concepts in Cognitive Approach to Human Memory (3)
Topics in human memory focusing primarily on long-term memory. Begins with an overview of the cognitive perspective. Specific topics may include implicit and explicit memory, autobiographical memory, emotion and memory, memory for mental events, mechanisms for forgetting, source monitoring and factors that enhance memory. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 528 Core Concepts in Principles of Behavioral Research (4, max. 8)
Covers insights and good scientific judgement on behavioral research practices, including study designs, data analyses, and publication processes. Focuses on the emerging "open science" practices, guidelines and standards, and alternatives to traditional null hypothesis testing and the use of computational modeling.

PSYCH 529 Advanced Research Methods (5)
Surveys advanced clinical research methods not covered in the required statistics sequence. Examples include structural equation modeling, hierarchical linear modeling, growth curve modeling, and taxometric analyses. Hands-on experience gained through weekly assignments using each method. Prerequisite: PSYCH 525.

PSYCH 530 Introduction to Manifest Path, Confirmatory Factor, and Latent Variable Path Analysis for Psychology (5)
Introduces broad class of path analysis models for Psychology research, including manifest (observed) variable models, confirmatory factor analysis, and latent variable path models. Students will conduct and write-up analyses of multiple data sets, including their own. Course focuses on testing complex scientific hypotheses, effects of measurement error, fit assessment and model selection, interpretation and presentation, and ethical use. Prerequisite: PSYCH 525, or permission of instructor. ; recommended: basic regression course. Offered: A, even years.

PSYCH 531 Practical Issues in Data Analysis and Presentation (4)
Computational data "wrangling" and analysis as first steps researchers should take after collecting data. Teaches essential skills (including data analysis, data modeling, dimensionality reduction of "big data") that promote data visualization and effective presentation of data. Prerequisite: PSYCH 524 and PSYCH 525; recommended: First two quarters of PSYCH grad statistics Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 532 Informatics in Psychology (3)
Computational methods, software tools, and ways of reasoning about big data. Emphasizes tools and practices that improve automation, reproducibility, and scalability. Includes hands-on exercises and projects which apply these tools and practices.

PSYCH 535 Scientific Writing in Psychology (5, max. 10)
Addresses issues in scientific writing and publishing; laboratories assist with writing, and provide feedback on drafts of articles throughout the writing process. Students write a journal article to submit for publication. Other writing projects are also possible with instructor's permission. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 536 Grant Preparation in Psychology (3, max. 6)
Prepare and submit an application for a major national fellowship. Joint registration in PSYCH 598 with faculty adviser is required. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology and permission of instructor. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 537 Teaching of Psychology (3)
Examines issues concerning the teaching of psychology, including educational goals, course development, instructional methods, TA-student and TA-faculty relations, grading, student diversity, and problem situations. Assignments designed to enhance students' organizational, presentational, and problem-solving skills. Prerequisite: graduate standing in the Department of Psychology. Credit/no-credit only.

PSYCH 538 Programming for Psychology and Neuroscience (4)
Introduction to programming skills with the goal of teaching how to design, program, and analyze experiments. Topics include principles of programming, the programming environment, presentation software, and data collection, management, and analysis. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 540 Advances in Psychology (3-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in psychology. Student presentations and discussion. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 541 Advances in Animal Behavior (3-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in animal behavior. Student presentations and discussion. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 542 Advanced Topics in Neural Systems and Behavior (3-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in neural systems and behavior. Involves student presentations and discussion. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 543 Advances in Working Memory (3)
Provides an overview of theories in working memory, roughly synonymous with consciousness. Introduces the Baddeley model as well as alternative models and focus on recent research on a variety of topics including verbal and spatial memory, executive control, individual differences and training working memory. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 545 Advances in Cognition/Perception (3-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in cognition/perception. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 546 Advances in Developmental Psychology (1-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in developmental psychology. Student presentations and discussion. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 547 Advances in Social/Personality (3-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in social psychology/personality. Student presentations and discussion. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 548 Advances in Quantitative Psychology (3-5, max. 30)
Intensive readings from the current literature on an emerging topic or theoretical perspective in quantitative psychology. Student presentations and discussion. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 549 Seminar in Physiological Psychology (2)
Prerequisite: permission of instructor.

PSYCH 550 Seminar in Psychology (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 551 Seminar in Animal Behavior (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 552 Seminar in Behavioral Neuroscience (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 554 Racism in Neuroscience (4)
Explores how power, colonization, and racism influence our conceptualization of neuroscience as an enterprise of knowledge production. Investigates topics such as eugenics, medical racism, contemporary diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, and bias in artificial intelligence (AI). Connects systems of oppression to the modern practice of the neurosciences. Offered: jointly with BIOL 554.

PSYCH 555 Seminar in Cognition/Perception (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 556 Seminar in Developmental Psychology (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 557 Seminar in Social/Personality (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 558 Seminar in Quantitative Psychology (1-2, max. 30)
Weekly meetings for discussion of current topics. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 560 Research Strategies (1-2, max. 30)
Group discussions of problems and continuing strategies for ongoing and future research projects. Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology; others by permission of department.

PSYCH 561 Current Trends in Psychology (*, max. 30)
Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 562 Evolutionary Psychology of Gender, Mating, and Reproduction (3)
Reviews evidence for biological factors influencing human mating and reproductive behavior, through application of concepts and theory from animal behavior, behavioral genetics, and evolutionary biology. Offered: W.

PSYCH 563 Developmental Psychology and the Human Relationship with Nature (4)
Theories of development used to investigate the ontogenesis of the human relationship with nature. An emphasis on social cognition, children's environmental moral reasoning, the effects of technology in children's lives, and evolutionary theory. Offered: W.

PSYCH 564 Advanced Attitude Theory (5)
Theoretical, methodological, and empirical work on the concept of attitude and its practical applications. Topics include: definition of attitude, measurement of attitudes, information-processing theories, functional theories, cognitive structure theories, the self as attitude object, unconscious attitudinal processes. Prerequisite: PSYCH 445; PSYCH 525 or equivalent; or permission of instructor.

PSYCH 565 Quantifying Brain Analysis (3)
Covers concepts and applications of statistically unbiased methods for quantifying brain structure. Hands-on learning and application of concepts, sampling strategies and calculations for unbiased stereological measure of the size and number of various brain components.

PSYCH 566 Neural Correlates of Perceptual Cognition (3)
Contribution of sensory systems to perceptual capabilities. Critical review of literature on the neural correlates of abilities such as sensory discrimination, subjective perception, attention, imagery, object and face recognition, and spatial behavior. Some sensory disabilities reviewed. Offered: W.

PSYCH 567 Higher Order Cognition (3)
Survey of research on higher-order cognition with an emphasis on theoretical accounts of knowledge representation. Topics include problem solving, inductive and deductive reasoning, hypothesis testing, causal inferences, similarity judgments, and categorization.

PSYCH 568 Cognitive Approaches to Human Memory (3)
Examination of current topics in human memory from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Offered: Sp.

PSYCH 596 Advanced Teaching Practicum (2, max. 6)
Supervised participation in graduate teaching. Prerequisite: graduate student in psychology and permission of instructor. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 598 Directed Reading in Psychology (*, max. 30)
Selected topics. Prerequisite: permission of a supervising psychology faculty member.

PSYCH 599 Directed Research in Psychology (1-3, max. 24)
Supervised participation in research. Prerequisite: permission of a supervising psychology faculty member.

PSYCH 600 Independent Study or Research (*-)
Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 601 Psychology Internship (5/10, max. 40)
Internship with a local organization, agency, clinical provider, or company that provides an applied learning opportunity; aligns with the student's professional and scholarly development goals; benefits the organization. Engages with and reflects broader psychological dimensions of work experience. Prerequisite: permission of supervisory committee chair and the Psychology graduate training committee. Credit/no-credit only. Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 700 Master's Thesis (*-)
Offered: AWSpS.

PSYCH 800 Doctoral Dissertation (*-)
Offered: AWSpS.